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scientific truths

  • 1 sandhed

    trueness, truth
    * * *
    (en -er) truth ( fx the naked truth; scientific truths; eternal truths);
    [ sandheden er at] the fact of the matter is that;
    [ i sandhed] indeed;
    [ sandheden er ilde hørt] nothing hurts like the truth;
    [ i sandhedens interesse må jeg tilføje] in fairness I must add;
    [ i overensstemmelse med sandheden] in accordance with the truth;
    [ tale sandhed, sige sandheden] speak (el. tell) the truth;
    [ sig mig sandheden!] tell me the truth!
    [ når jeg skal sige sandheden] to tell the truth;
    [ sige én nogle ubehagelige sandheder] tell somebody a few home truths;
    [ sandhedens øjeblik] the moment of truth.

    Danish-English dictionary > sandhed

  • 2 verità sf inv

    [veri'ta]
    1) (gen) truth

    a dire la verità; per la verità — to tell the truth, actually

    2) (assioma) truth

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > verità sf inv

  • 3 verità

    sf inv [veri'ta]
    1) (gen) truth

    a dire la verità; per la verità — to tell the truth, actually

    2) (assioma) truth

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > verità

  • 4 verdad

    intj.
    right, isn't that right, isn't that so.
    f.
    1 truth.
    decir la verdad to tell the truth
    a decir verdad to tell the truth
    ¿es verdad? is that true o right?
    eso no es verdad that isn't true o so
    en verdad truly, honestly
    la verdad, no me importa to tell the truth o to be honest, I don't care
    la verdad es que no lo sé to be honest, I don't know, I don't really know
    cantarle o decirle a alguien cuatro verdades (figurative) to tell somebody a few home truths
    3 true statement, true thing.
    * * *
    1 truth, truthfulness
    ■ es bonita, ¿verdad? she's pretty, isn't she?
    ■ vendrás, ¿verdad? you'll come, won't you?
    ■ hay tres, ¿verdad? there are three, aren't there?
    \
    a decir verdad to tell the truth
    de verdad (realmente) really, truly, seriously 2 (real) real
    de verdad que... I swear...
    decir a alguien cuatro verdades familiar to give somebody a piece of one's mind
    en verdad really
    la verdad sea dicha to tell the truth
    ¿no es verdad? isn't that so?
    tan verdad como que es de día / tan verdad como que Dios existe familiar it's as true as I'm standing here
    la pura verdad the plain truth
    verdad a medias a half truth
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=veracidad) truth

    hay una parte de verdad en todo esto — there is some truth o an element of truth in all this

    • decir la verdad — to tell the truth

    a decir verdad, si te digo la verdad — to be honest, to tell you the truth

    •en verdad — to be honest, really

    en verdad no sé qué contestarte — to be honest I don't know what to say to you, I really don't know what to say to you

    en verdad os digo que seréis recompensados — (Biblia) verily I say unto you, you shall be rewarded

    • faltar a la verdad — to be untruthful, be economical with the truth euf

    • en honor a la verdad — to be perfectly honest, in all honesty

    hora 2), b)
    2)

    •de verdad — (como adj) real; (como adv) really

    ¿son de verdad estas balas? — are those real bullets?

    -mañana vendré a ayudarte -¿de verdad? — "I'll come and help you tomorrow" - "really?" o"will you?"

    de verdad que no me importa ir — I really don't mind going, I don't mind going, honestly o really

    3)

    •es verdad — it's true

    ¿es verdad que a Diego le ha tocado la lotería? — is it true that Diego has won the lottery?

    bien es verdad que es aún pronto para juzgar los resultados — of course, it's too soon to make any judgement about the results

    •si bien es verdad que — although, even though

    si bien es verdad que llevamos poco tiempo aquí, ya puedo decir que... — although o even though we haven't been here long, I can already say that...

    4) *
    (para enfatizar)

    pues la verdad, no sé — to be honest I don't know, I don't really know

    la verdad es que no me gusta mucho — to be honest I don't like it much, I don't really like it much

    estás cansado ¿verdad? o¿no es verdad? — you're tired, aren't you?

    hace frío ¿verdad? o¿no es verdad? — it's cold, isn't it?

    no os gustó ¿verdad? — you didn't like it, did you?

    ¿verdad que sí fuimos? — we went, didn't we?, we did go, didn't we?

    ¿verdad que has sido tú? — it was you, wasn't it?

    6) (=afirmación verdadera) truth

    • verdad objetiva — objective truth

    - ser una verdad como un puño
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( veracidad) truth

    a decir verdad... — to tell you the truth...

    la verdad, no lo sé — I don't honestly know

    la verdad es que... — the truth is that...

    si bien es verdad que... — it might well be true that...

    b)

    de verdad — (loc adv) really; (loc adj) real

    es muy guapa ¿verdad? — she's very beautiful, isn't she?

    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? — you understand me, don't you?

    cantarle or decirle cuatro verdades a alguien — to tell somebody a few home truths

    verdades como puños: dice verdades como puños — he isn't afraid to tell the truth

    * * *
    = truth, verity.
    Ex. This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.
    Ex. His listeners looked around at each other and acknowledged the verity of his statement by nodding assents.
    ----
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * amigo de verdad = true friend.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * averiguar la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * bala de verdad = live bullet.
    * búsqueda de la verdad = truth-seeking.
    * camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * conocer la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * cuatro verdades = home truth.
    * cuatro verdades bien dichas = home truth.
    * decir la verdad = tell + the truth, speak + the truth, come + clean.
    * decir la verdad sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
    * de verdad = wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], for real.
    * en honor a la verdad = in fairness, in all honesty.
    * en verdad = in truth, true, in all truth.
    * hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.
    * hora de la verdad = moment of truth.
    * hora de la verdad, la = showdown.
    * la verdad = the lowdown (on).
    * la verdad es que = if the truth be known, if the truth be told, the fact is (that), fact is.
    * la verdad es que... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * la verdad sea dicha = to tell the truth.
    * la verdad sea dicha que = if the truth be told.
    * la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * llegada la hora de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * llegado el momento de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * media verdad = half truth, half-fact.
    * munición de verdad = live ammunition, live munition.
    * nada + estar + más apartado de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada + estar + más lejos de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no preguntes porque no te puedo decir la verdad = ask no questions and hear no lies.
    * no ser verdad = be untrue.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * pura verdad, la = unvarnished truth, la, pure truth, the.
    * ¡qué verdad que es! = how true!.
    * revelar la verdad = reveal + the truth.
    * saber cúal es la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * ser verdad = be true.
    * ser verdad de = be true of.
    * suero de la verdad = truth serum.
    * toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * una pizca de verdad = a grain of truth.
    * ¿verdad? = do you?, do you?, right?, weren't you?, weren't you?.
    * verdad amarga = home truth.
    * verdad a medias = half truth, half-fact.
    * verdades eternas = nuggets of truth.
    * verdades eternas, las = eternal verities, the.
    * verdad eterna = eternal truth.
    * verdad evangélica = gospel truth.
    * verdad incómoda = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad molesta = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad obvia = truism.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( veracidad) truth

    a decir verdad... — to tell you the truth...

    la verdad, no lo sé — I don't honestly know

    la verdad es que... — the truth is that...

    si bien es verdad que... — it might well be true that...

    b)

    de verdad — (loc adv) really; (loc adj) real

    es muy guapa ¿verdad? — she's very beautiful, isn't she?

    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? — you understand me, don't you?

    cantarle or decirle cuatro verdades a alguien — to tell somebody a few home truths

    verdades como puños: dice verdades como puños — he isn't afraid to tell the truth

    * * *
    = truth, verity.

    Ex: This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.

    Ex: His listeners looked around at each other and acknowledged the verity of his statement by nodding assents.
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * amigo de verdad = true friend.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * averiguar la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * bala de verdad = live bullet.
    * búsqueda de la verdad = truth-seeking.
    * camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * conocer la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * cuatro verdades = home truth.
    * cuatro verdades bien dichas = home truth.
    * decir la verdad = tell + the truth, speak + the truth, come + clean.
    * decir la verdad sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
    * de verdad = wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], for real.
    * en honor a la verdad = in fairness, in all honesty.
    * en verdad = in truth, true, in all truth.
    * hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.
    * hora de la verdad = moment of truth.
    * hora de la verdad, la = showdown.
    * la verdad = the lowdown (on).
    * la verdad es que = if the truth be known, if the truth be told, the fact is (that), fact is.
    * la verdad es que... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * la verdad sea dicha = to tell the truth.
    * la verdad sea dicha que = if the truth be told.
    * la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * llegada la hora de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * llegado el momento de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * media verdad = half truth, half-fact.
    * munición de verdad = live ammunition, live munition.
    * nada + estar + más apartado de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada + estar + más lejos de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no preguntes porque no te puedo decir la verdad = ask no questions and hear no lies.
    * no ser verdad = be untrue.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * pura verdad, la = unvarnished truth, la, pure truth, the.
    * ¡qué verdad que es! = how true!.
    * revelar la verdad = reveal + the truth.
    * saber cúal es la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * ser verdad = be true.
    * ser verdad de = be true of.
    * suero de la verdad = truth serum.
    * toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * una pizca de verdad = a grain of truth.
    * ¿verdad? = do you?, do you?, right?, weren't you?, weren't you?.
    * verdad amarga = home truth.
    * verdad a medias = half truth, half-fact.
    * verdades eternas = nuggets of truth.
    * verdades eternas, las = eternal verities, the.
    * verdad eterna = eternal truth.
    * verdad evangélica = gospel truth.
    * verdad incómoda = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad molesta = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad obvia = truism.

    * * *
    A
    1 (veracidad) truth
    no sé cuánto habrá de verdad en lo que dice I don't know how much truth there is in what he says
    es la pura verdad it's the gospel truth
    dime la verdad tell me the truth
    a decir verdad or si te digo la verdad, a mí tampoco me gustó to tell you the truth, I didn't like it either
    la verdad, sólo la verdad y nada más que la verdad the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth
    me dijo la verdad a medias she only told me half the truth
    ¿cuántos años tiene? — la verdad, no lo sé how old is he? — I don't honestly know o to tell you the truth, I don't know
    la verdad es que me olvidé to be perfectly honest I forgot, the truth is I forgot
    ¿te ayudaron? — la verdad es que no mucho did they help you? — well, frankly not a lot
    en honor a la verdad in all fairness
    la verdad de la verdad es que no quiero ir to be quite honest I don't want to go, the truth of the matter is I don't want to go
    ¡eso no es verdad, yo no dije semejante cosa! that's not true, I said no such thing!
    en verdad os digo que … ( Bib) verily I say unto you …
    faltar a la verdad to be untruthful
    creer que se está en posesión de la verdad to think one is always right
    ir con la verdad por delante ( Esp); to be completely honest
    ser verdad de la buena ( fam); to be really true
    2
    de verdad: ¿de verdad (que) hiciste eso? did you really do that?
    ¡sí, hombre, de verdad que me gusta! yes, I mean it, I really do like it!
    mira que me voy a enojar or ( Esp) enfadar de verdad this time I really am going to get angry
    de verdad que lo siento I really am sorry
    una pistola/un caballo de verdad a real gun/horse
    3
    (buscando corroboración): ¡qué guapa es! ¿verdad? she's really beautiful, isn't she?
    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? you understand me, don't you?
    una verdad científica a scientific truth
    eso es una gran verdad that is so true!, how right you are!
    ser una verdad como un templo to be self-evident
    ser una verdad de Perogrullo to be patently obvious
    verdades como puños: dice verdades como puños he isn't afraid to tell the truth, however much it hurts o however unpalatable
    * * *

     

    verdad sustantivo femenino


    es la pura verdad it's the gospel truth;
    a decir verdad … to tell you the truth …;
    la verdad, no lo sé I don't honestly know;
    ¡no es verdad! that's not true!;
    eso es una gran verdad that is so true!
    b)



    ( loc adj) real;
    ◊ ¡de verdad que me gusta! I really do like it!;

    una pistola de verdad a real gun

    ◊ es guapa ¿verdad? she's beautiful, isn't she?;

    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? you understand me, don't you?
    verdad sustantivo femenino
    1 truth: debes decir la verdad, you must tell the truth
    eso no es verdad, that is not true
    la pura verdad, the plain truth
    2 (buscando asentimiento: tras una afirmación) es una gran soprano, ¿verdad?, she's a great soprano, isn't she?
    ¿verdad que tocas el violín?, you play the violin, don't you?
    (: tras una negación) no eres racista, ¿verdad?, you're not racist, are you?
    ♦ Locuciones: a decir verdad, to tell the truth, de verdad, (ciertamente) really: de verdad que lo lamento, I really am sorry
    (en serio) in earnest: están luchando de verdad, they are fighting for real
    (auténtico) un amigo de verdad, a real friend
    ' verdad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - afrontar
    - callar
    - congruencia
    - decir
    - deformar
    - derrumbarse
    - desnuda
    - desnudo
    - encubrir
    - esconder
    - faltar
    - honor
    - hora
    - infiel
    - ocultar
    - poder
    - pura
    - puro
    - razón
    - tonta
    - tonto
    - alteración
    - alterar
    - creer
    - cuando
    - demostrar
    - disfrazar
    - falsear
    - grande
    - hecho
    - indiscutible
    - le
    - lejos
    - media
    - osar
    - prueba
    - reconocer
    - revelar
    - simulacro
    - sonsacar
    - tanto
    - triunfar
    English:
    actually
    - admittedly
    - be
    - bend
    - blue
    - chip
    - coax
    - credit
    - crunch
    - dark
    - departure
    - deviation
    - do
    - element
    - embroider
    - face
    - fudge
    - get
    - have
    - hold back
    - honest
    - impact
    - moment
    - naked
    - outspoken
    - overboard
    - perversion
    - pervert
    - plain
    - proper
    - really
    - rile
    - should
    - show
    - simple
    - strictly
    - tell
    - them
    - think through
    - tough
    - truth
    - truthful
    - turn off
    - uncover
    - will
    - bound
    - but
    - dearly
    - degree
    - effect
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [realidad, afirmación real] truth;
    decir la verdad to tell the truth;
    di la verdad, ¿a ti qué te parece? tell the truth o be honest, what do you think?;
    a decir verdad to tell the truth;
    estás faltando a la verdad you're not telling the truth;
    ¿es verdad? is that true o right?;
    eso no es verdad that isn't true o so;
    ¿no es verdad? isn't that so?;
    bien es verdad que…, verdad es que… it's certainly true that…;
    si bien es verdad que… while it is true that…;
    en verdad truly, honestly;
    cree que está en posesión de la verdad she thinks she's always right about everything;
    ser la pura verdad to be the absolute truth;
    cantarle o [m5] decirle a alguien cuatro verdades to tell sb a few home truths;
    ir con la verdad por delante to be honest and up-front;
    Fam
    es una verdad como un puño o [m5] templo it's an undeniable fact;
    todo lo que dice son verdades como puños she always speaks the truth, however unpalatable
    verdad a medias half-truth;
    verdad de Perogrullo truism, platitude
    2. [con valor enfático]
    la verdad, no me importa to tell the truth o to be honest, I don't care;
    la verdad es que no lo sé to be honest, I don't know, I don't really know;
    la verdad es que nunca me ha gustado the truth is I've never liked her;
    la verdad es que la sopa está buenísima the soup's actually really good
    3. [buscando confirmación]
    no te gusta, ¿verdad? you don't like it, do you?;
    está bueno, ¿verdad? it's good, isn't it?;
    ¿verdad que me quieres? you do love me, don't you?
    4. [principio aceptado] fact;
    su libro no es fiel a la verdad histórica his book doesn't accurately reflect historical fact
    ♦ de verdad loc adv
    [en serio] seriously; [realmente] really;
    me gusta – ¿de verdad? I like it – (do you) really? o seriously?;
    de verdad que no sé qué decir I honestly o really don't know what to say
    ♦ de verdad loc adj
    [auténtico] real;
    un héroe de verdad a real hero
    * * *
    f
    1 truth;
    a decir verdad to tell the truth;
    en verdad in truth;
    la verdad es que … the truth (of the matter) is that …;
    es verdad it’s true, it’s the truth;
    faltar a la verdad be untruthful;
    media verdad, verdad a medias half truth;
    decir cuatro verdades a alguien tell s.o. a few home truths;
    ser una verdad de Perogrullo be blindingly obvious
    2
    :
    de verdad real, proper;
    es un amigo de verdad he’s a real friend
    3
    :
    no te gusta, ¿verdad? you don’t like it, do you?;
    vas a venir, ¿verdad? you’re coming, aren’t you?
    * * *
    verdad nf
    1) : truth
    2)
    de verdad : really, truly
    3)
    ¿verdad? : right?, isn't that so?
    * * *
    verdad n truth
    ¿es verdad que has ganado? is it true that you won? / did you really win?
    de verdad, iré mañana por la mañana really, I'll go tomorrow morning
    Para traducir ¿verdad? como coletilla, hay que utilizar el verbo auxiliar y el pronombre adecuados, siempre en negativo si la frase es afirmativa y viceversa
    estás de acuerdo conmigo, ¿verdad? you agree with me, don't you?
    es de Santander, ¿verdad? he's from Santander, isn't he?
    son franceses, ¿verdad? they're French, aren't they?
    no se han ido, ¿verdad? they haven't gone, have they?

    Spanish-English dictionary > verdad

  • 5 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

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